Toxicity of four commercial insecticides on Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae)

Abstract

Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) is a pest of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (Caryophyllales: Cactaceae) in many regions around the world, and there are no formal insecticide toxicity assays. This study aimed to evaluate the lethal toxicity of malathion, lambda-cyhalothrin, spirotetramat, and potassium salts on D. opuntiae in laboratory and greenhouse assays. In the laboratory, using a potter tower, lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) were determined on adult females. Under greenhouse conditions, on O. ficus-indica infested plants, the LC₉₀ of those three conventional insecticides were evaluated, as well as the LC₅₀ of potassium salts; mortality was evaluated 48 and 144 h after application in laboratory and greenhouse assays, respectively. D. opuntiae was susceptible to all insecticides; malathion was the most toxic product, LC₅₀ 120.4 mg L^-1, lambda-cyhalothrin (159.8 mg L^-1) and spirotetramat (756.3 mg L^-1) followed. Using potassium salts, 8,970.1 mg L^-1 were needed to achieve 50% mortality. The highest percentage of mortality (88.3%) in the greenhouse was obtained using the LC₅₀ (8,970.1 mg L^-1) of potassium salts and the LC₉₀ of spirotetramat (11,567 mg L^-1). Mortality caused by the LC₉₀ of spirotetramat (77.3%) and malathion (66.8%) did not differ statistically; while the LC₉₀ of lambda-cyhalothrin (11,427 mg L^-1) caused 45.4% mortality, and it was the least toxic insecticide in the greenhouse assay. In this work, the toxicity of insecticides to improve their use against D. opuntiae is discussed.