Cochineal Crisis in Tigray: Advances in Management and Control

Abstract

Cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) plays a crucial role in Tigray, Ethiopia, serving as a vital source of food, fodder, and household income. In 2004, the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus) was introduced with the intention of enhancing the economic value of cactus pear. However, the insect quickly became invasive, decimating vast areas of cactus pear and severely impacting the livelihoods of local communities. The rapid spread of the cochineal insect was largely due to a lack of prior knowledge about its biology and the absence of environmental impact assessments before its introduction. Additionally, the out-grower scheme associated with the cochineal trade contributed to the unregulated spread of the pest, both natural and through human activity. Favorable conditions—such as prolonged dry spells, an abundance of cactus pear, and a lack of natural predators—further accelerated the insect’s colonization and expansion. Attempts to control the infestation through community mobilization and insecticide applications proved largely ineffective. The suspension of cochineal harvesting is also believed to have worsened the situation. Today, over 75% of the cactus pear cultivation area is affected. Surveys conducted over several years have identified three indigenous predators of the cochineal insect, but their populations remain low. The laboratory evaluations of exotic natural enemies have not shown promising results. Similarly, efforts to find resistance within local cactus pear populations have been unsuccessful. On a more positive note, four introduced cactus pear varieties have demonstrated strong resistance in both laboratory and field conditions. In addition, some farmers have developed effective local management practices for cochineal control. The combined application of resistant cactus pear varieties and these locally developed practices offers a practical pathway to prevent destruction of the crop. Although complete eradication of the cochineal insect may not be feasible, the challenge presents a unique opportunity, producing cochineal under controlled conditions could position Ethiopia as a strong competitor in the global cochineal market. This paper explores the economic and environmental impacts of the cochineal invasion, reviews the responses and lessons learned, and presents recommendations for sustainable pest management.